Showing posts with label Health. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Health. Show all posts

Thursday, November 14, 2013

Transformations of self and sexuality: Psychologically modified experiences in the context of forensic mental health

Impact Factor:1.137 | Ranking:21/36 in Social Sciences, Biomedical | 81/136 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health | 5-Year Impact Factor:1.396Source:2012 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2013)
Forensic mental health inpatients in medium-secure settings have a limited capacity for sexual expression during their stay in hospital. This is due to a number of factors, including a lack of willingness on behalf of staff to engage with sexual issues, as a result of safety fears and ambiguity regarding the ability of the patient to consent. Furthermore, UK forensic medium-secure units do not provide conjugal suites for patients to have sexual relations, with their spouse or other patients. To date, there is no empirical research on how forensic psychiatric patients (or service users) manage their sexuality, while in hospital and when released into the community. Here, we present an analysis of semi-structured interviews with patients at a UK medium forensic unit, in order to explore these issues further. More specifically, we examine how the public exclusion of sexuality from these units results in sexuality being experienced as sectioned off or amputated, such that a new form of sexuality emerges, one that has been cultivated by the psychologically informed practices operating within the unit. This process, we argue, produces a psychologically modified experience, a new form of self-relation that continues to modify when released into the broader ecology of the community.

© 2013 SAGE Publications. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore and Washington DC

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Wednesday, November 13, 2013

'Men give in to chips and beer too easily': How working-class men make sense of gender differences in health

Impact Factor:1.137 | Ranking:21/36 in Social Sciences, Biomedical | 81/136 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health | 5-Year Impact Factor:1.396Source:2012 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2013)
Alan Dolan a.dolan{at}warwick.ac.uk
University of Warwick, UKThis article, based on qualitative research with working-class men, explores men’s perceptions and experiences regarding gender differences in health. It demonstrates how men put forward a range of behavioural/cultural, materialist/structural and psychosocial factors, which were believed to differently impact men’s health compared to women. A common theme underpinning their explanations was the ways in which men and women were located within two distinct gender categories. These characterisations were used to explain why health-damaging beliefs and behaviours were more prevalent among men and also why men were better suited for certain kinds of jobs, albeit with potential costs to their health. Men also believed that women were protected from the damaging physical and emotional impact of manual employment because of their primary role within the home and because they were less emotionally robust, which required men to shield women from the stresses they experienced. However, men’s emotional withdrawal can also be viewed as another example of how men use whatever resources are available to achieve and maintain dominance over women. Finally, the article demonstrates how a gender- and class-based approach can capture the impact of men’s health-related practices alongside the broader cultural and structural influences on men’s health.

© 2013 SAGE Publications. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore and Washington DC

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Young people and health: Towards a new conceptual framework for understanding empowerment

Impact Factor:1.137 | Ranking:21/36 in Social Sciences, Biomedical | 81/136 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health | 5-Year Impact Factor:1.396Source:2012 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2013)
Grace Spencer Grace.spencer{at}nottingham.ac.uk
The University of Nottingham, UKIn recent times, empowerment has become the focus of much work with young people amidst increasing concerns about their health. Empowerment is often offered as a ‘solution’ to such concerns, with the uncritical assumption being made that empowerment unproblematically results in positive health outcomes. While much of the health promotion literature advocates ‘empowerment’, it often does so without offering a clear conceptualisation of the word itself or indeed addressing the thorny theoretical tensions surrounding the concept’s root word of power. In light of this omission, this article offers a more theoretically informed conceptualisation of empowerment and considers the relationship to young people’s health. This article outlines a more dynamic and generative conceptualisation of empowerment than hitherto articulated in the literature, informed by Lukes’ multidimensional perspective of power. Drawing on findings from an ethnographic study on empowerment and young people’s health, this article develops six conceptually distinct forms of empowerment (impositional, dispositional, concessional, oppositional, normative and transformative). Data were collected from 55 young men and women aged 15–16 years through group discussions, individual interviews and observational work in a school and surrounding community settings in England. Crucially, these six new forms of empowerment capture and synthesise individual, structural and ideological elements of power that differentially, and sometimes inconsistently, shape the possibilities for young people’s empowerment. Of significance is the way in which these different forms of empowerment intersect to (re)produce relations of power and may offer different possibilities for health promotion.

© 2013 SAGE Publications. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore and Washington DC

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Tuesday, November 12, 2013

Sidestepping questions of legitimacy: How community representatives manoeuvre to effect change in a health service

Impact Factor:1.137 | Ranking:21/36 in Social Sciences, Biomedical | 81/136 in Public, Environmental & Occupational Health | 5-Year Impact Factor:1.396Source:2012 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2013)
Sally Nathan s.nathan{at}unsw.edu.au
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW AustraliaNiamh Stephenson
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW AustraliaJeffrey Braithwaite
Australian Institute of Health Innovation, UNSW AustraliaEmpirical studies of community participation in health services commonly tie effectiveness to the perceived legitimacy of community representatives among health staff. This article examines the underlying assumption that legitimacy is the major pathway to influence for community representatives. It takes a different vantage point from previous research in its examination of data (primarily through 34 in-depth interviews, observation and recording of 26 meetings and other interactions documented in field notes) from a 3-year study of community representatives’ action in a large health region in Australia. The analysis primarily deploys Michel de Certeau’s ideas of Strategy and Tactic to understand the action and effects of the generally ‘weaker players’ in the spaces and places dominated by powerful institutions. Through this lens, we can see the points where community representatives are active participants following their own agenda, tactically capitalising on cracks in the armour of the health service to seize opportunities that present themselves in time to effect change. Being able to see community representatives as active producers of change, not simply passengers following the path of the health service, challenges how we view the success of community participation in health.

© 2013 SAGE Publications. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore and Washington DC

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Thursday, November 7, 2013

Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine

Health: is a broad ranging, interdisciplinary, peer reviewed journal related to health and the social sciences. Focusing on the changing place of health matters in modern society, the journal continues to provide an international forum for original articles and review essays from around the world. It offers the breadth of outlook required by sociologists, psychologists, anthropologists, and cultural theorists who are addressing problems that cross disciplinary boundaries.

This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).


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Tuesday, October 29, 2013

Health systems research initiative call 1: Providing evidence to strengthen health systems and improve health outcomes

Health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the challenges of substantial socioeconomic and health inequalities, rapid globalisation and evolving disease burdens. A robust evidence base is required to underpin health systems strengthening and delivery of health interventions in the context of those challenges.

The current debate on strengthening social and health systems highlights the urgent need to foster genuine interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research, suggesting that the greatest potential impact on efforts to improve health in LMICs, can be achieved through context-sensitive, integrated programmes that include a wide range of social science (eg economics, anthropology, health policy research) and biomedical disciplines.

This call for proposals is the first of three annual Health Systems Research Initiative calls, jointly supported by the Department for International Development (DFID), ESRC, the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Wellcome Trust. The aim is to fund:

Rigorous, high quality research that will generate evidence for how to strengthen health systems and improve health outcomes in LMICsResearch which should inform the delivery of evidence-based interventions or structural changesResearch which will provide evidence that is of direct relevance to decision makers and users in the field

The call is administered by MRC. Please refer to the MRC website for more information on what is included, eligibility criteria and the application process.

Deadline 16.00 GMT, 14 January 2014

Applicants who wish to discuss their proposal informally can do so by contacting


View the original article here

Thursday, October 10, 2013

The Health Must-Eat List: Top Cheeses

Cheese gets a bad rap, but it can be healthy. For one, it's a good source of calcium, which helps build bone and plays a role in muscle function, nerve transmission, and regulating blood pressure. Plus, it serves up healthy doses of protein, vitamin D, and zinc. Just choose wisely and enjoy in moderation.

Products available in grocery stores nationwide unless otherwise noted.

applegate-cheddar Applegate Organics Mild Cheddar cheeseApplegate Naturals American cheese, $4.99 for 8 oz.
Applegate Naturals Cheddar cheese Medium, $5.99 for 7 oz.
Applegate Naturals Emmentaler Swiss cheese, $5.99 for 7 oz.
Applegate Naturals Extra Sharp Aged Cheddar cheese, $5.99 for 8 oz.
Applegate Naturals Havarti cheese, $5.99 for 7 oz.
Applegate Naturals Monterey Jack cheese with jalapeño peppers, $4.99 for 7 oz.
Applegate Naturals Muenster cheese, $4.99 for 7 oz.
Applegate Naturals Provolone cheese, $4.99 for 7 oz.
Applegate Naturals Yogurt cheese with live active probiotic cultures, $5.99 for 8 oz.

Applegate Organics Mild Cheddar cheese, $5.99 for 5 oz.
Applegate Organics Monterey Jack cheese, $5.99 for 4 oz.
Applegate Organics Muenster Käse cheese, $5.99 for 5 oz.
cabot-cottage-cheese Applegate Organics Provolone cheese, $5.99 for 5 oz.

BelGioioso Asiago wedge, $3.99 for 5 oz.
BelGioioso Fresh Mozzarella balls, $4.99 for 8 oz.

BelGioioso Parmesan wedge, $3.99 for 5 oz.
BelGioioso Romano wedge, $3.99 for 5 oz.

Cabot Cottage cheese, $1.99 for 16 oz.; at select grocery stores.
Cabot Monterey Jack shredded cheese, $3.50 for 8 oz.; at select grocery stores.
Cabot Seriously Sharp Cheddar bars, $3 for 8 oz.
Cabot Sharp Light Cheddar bars, $3 for 8 oz.; at select grocery stores.

Cracker Barrel Aged Reserve Cheddar cheese, $3.99 for 8 oz.
kraft-havarti Cracker Barrel Cracked Black Pepper Cheddar cheese, $3.99 for 8 oz.; at select grocery stores.
Cracker Barrel Extra Sharp Cheddar cheese, $3.99 for 8 oz.

Frigo Cheese Heads Light string cheese, $4.99 for 12.
Frigo Cheese Heads string cheese, $4.99 for 12.

Horizon Organic Classic American cheese slices, $4.50 for 12.

Kraft 2% Milk Singles, $2.99 for 12 oz.
Kraft Natural Cheese Havarti, $2.99 for 7 oz.
Kraft Shredded Mozzarella with a Touch of Philadelphia, $2.99 for 8 oz.
Kraft Singles, American, $2.99 for 12 oz.

mini-babybel Mini Babybel Bonbel, $3.99 for 6.
Mini Babybel Cheddar, $3.99 for 6.
Mini Babybel Light, $3.99 for 6.
Mini Babybel Mozzarella Style, $4.99 for 10.
Mini Babybel Original, $3.99 for 6.

Organic Valley American Singles, $5.89 for 8 oz.
Organic Valley Baby Swiss cheese, $6.69 for 8 oz.
Organic Valley Mild Cheddar Cheese, Reduced Fat, Reduced Sodium, $5.59 for 8 oz.
Organic Valley Monterey Jack cheese, $5.59 for 8 oz.
Organic Valley Mozzarella Shredded, Part Skim, $5.09 for 6 oz.
Organic Valley Mozzarella Stringles, Low Moisture, Part Skim, $5.39 for 6 oz.
Organic Valley Pepper Jack cheese, $5.59 for 8 oz.
polly-o-mozzarella Polly-O Shredded Low-Moisture Part Skim MozzarellaOrganic Valley Vermont Extra Sharp Cheddar cheese, $12.59 for 16 oz.

Polly-O Jalapeño string cheese, $4.49 for 10 oz.; at select grocery stores.
Polly-O Natural Low-Moisture Part-Skim Mozzarella cheese, $4.49 for 12 oz.; at select grocery stores.
Polly-O Shredded Low-Moisture Part-Skim Mozzarella cheese, $3.69 for 8 oz.; at select grocery stores.
Polly-O String Natural Reduced-Fat Mozzarella cheese made with 2% milk, $4.49 for 10 oz.; at select grocery stores.

Sargento Chef Blends Shredded 4 State Cheddar cheese, $3.79 for 8 oz.
Sargento Deli Style Sliced Medium Cheddar cheese, $3.49 for 11.
Sargento Natural Blends Cheddar-Mozzarella cheese snacks, $4.79 for 12.
Sargento Natural Blends Deli Style Sliced Sharp Cheddar-Jack cheese, $3.49 for 11.
Sargento Natural Light string cheese snacks, $4.79 for 12.
sargento-swiss Sargento Ultra Thin Sliced Pepper Jack cheeseSargento Natural Reduced Fat Colby-Jack snacks, $4.79 for 12.
Sargento Shredded Reduced Fat Cheddar Jack cheese, $3.79 for 8 oz.
Sargento Shredded Reduced Fat 4 Cheese Mexican, $3.79 for 8 oz.
Sargento Shredded Reduced Fat Mozzarella cheese, $3.79 for 8 oz.
Sargento Traditional Cut Shredded Sharp Cheddar cheese, $3.79 for 8 oz.
Sargento Ultra Thin Sliced Pepper Jack cheese, $3.49 for 18.
Sargento Ultra Thin Sliced Swiss cheese, $3.49 for 18.
Sorrento Galbani Stringsters Reduced Fat Mozzarella string cheese, $4.29 for 12 oz.; at select grocery stores.

Stella Parmesan wedge, $4.99 for 5 oz.
Stella Romano wedge, $4.99 for 5 oz.

365 Everyday Value Organic Light string cheese, $4.99 for 6 oz.; at Whole Foods Market.

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Wednesday, July 17, 2013

A Blueprint for Tax Reform and Health Reform : Before the Senate Committee on Finance

library A Blueprint for Tax Reform and Health ReformLeonard E. Burman

The nonpartisan Urban Institute publishes studies, reports, and books on timely topics worthy of public consideration. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders.

In this testimony Burman outlines a plan for tax reform that would maintain progressivity, raise enough revenues to finance the government, and dovetail with plans to provide universal access to health insurance. It would combine a value-added tax (VAT) dedicated to pay for a new universal health insurance voucher with a vastly simplified and much flatter income tax. With a new financing source for health care, income tax rates could be cut sharply—the top rates could be cut to 25 percent or less. The health care voucher would also offset the inherent regressivity of a VAT. And, under the simplified system, most Americans would not have to file income tax returns.

The text below is an excerpt from the complete document.
Read the full written testimony in PDF format.

Chairman Baucus, Ranking Member Grassley, and members of the committee: Thank you for inviting me to testify on tax reform.

It is a great honor to speak to you on this topic. The last great tax reform effort lured me to Washington away from academia to work for the Treasury Department in 1985. I remember when Chairman Packwood rescued reform from the abyss with his “27-percent solution”—a top rate so low it caught the public’s attention and sustained momentum for what became the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The creativity and bipartisanship of this committee were key elements in the success of the 1986 Act.

In the mid-1980s, the tax system desperately needed fixing. Tax shelters were rampant, with investment decisions often motivated solely by the tax savings they could produce, rather than their underlying economics, which were often dubious. The public had lost confidence in the fairness of the tax system.

If anything, the need for tax reform is even greater now for at least four reasons. First, under current law most of the tax cuts enacted since 2000 are set to expire at the end of 2010 and the code will revert to that of 2000. In theory, this will trigger what tax cut advocates are already calling the largest tax increase in history, but extending the tax cuts seems fiscally reckless. Second, the baby boomers are beginning to retire and the costs of providing their Social Security and medical care will strain available federal revenues. Third, under current law, the reach of the individual alternative minimum tax (AMT), a pointlessly complicated and unfair element of the current code, is scheduled to mushroom, hitting 32 million taxpayers by 2010, up from 4 million in 2007. Were that to happen the middle class would scream in protest, but making up for the hundreds of billions of dollars in revenue that the AMT is projected to produce will be a huge challenge. Finally, there is growing public dissatisfaction with our federal tax system which is complex, riddled with loopholes, and widely perceived to be unfair. It is hard to see how these challenges can be tackled without a major tax reform.

Although tax reform is always a long shot, there are reasons for optimism. Politicians in both parties—and even current presidential candidates—understand that the current situation is unsustainable. A new president who had campaigned on a platform of working in a bipartisan way to advance objectives that matter to both parties may be willing to stake political capital on advancing tax reform. And the fact that both sides acknowledge that this is a “change election” bodes well for the next president’s willingness to take political risks.

(End of excerpt. The entire testimony is available in PDF format.)

The views expressed are those of the author and should not be attributed to the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders.


View the original article here

Wednesday, June 26, 2013

Health Insurers Improve Claims Processing

By David Pittman, Washington Correspondent, MedPage Today

CHICAGO -- The percentage of claims incorrectly processed by health plans fell for the third straight year to 7.1% in 2013, according to the American Medical Association (AMA).

The error rate of commercial health plans in the National Health Insurer Report Card has dropped significantly since the 2011; that year, the report found that more than 19% of all medical claims were incorrectly processed. Last year, the AMA found about 9.5% of claims were incorrectly processed.

The AMA released the report Monday at its annual meeting.

The survey is based on a random sampling of nearly 2.6 million electronic claims from 450 physician practices submitted between February and March 2013. Payers included were Aetna, Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna, Health Care Service Corporation, Humana, Regence, UnitedHealthcare, and Medicare.

The AMA estimated that more than $43 billion could have been saved if commercial insurers had paid claims correctly since 2010. If insurers sent a timely, accurate, and specific response to every claim received, billions of dollars in administrative waste would be prevented, the nation's largest physician group said.

The AMA report card also found great variation in the accuracy of commercial payers.

For example, UnitedHealthcare processed 97.52% of claims accurately the first time. Regence trailed all other insurers included in the report card, with an accuracy of 85.03%. Medicare led all insurers with an accuracy of 98.10%.

The AMA report card showed medical claim denials fell by nearly half in 2013 after a sharp spike upward last year. The denial rate went from 3.48% in 2012 to 1.82% this year.

The timeliness of medical claims processed has also improved by 17% since the AMA first started its report card in 2008.

The AMA added an "Administrative Burden Index" this year to rank commercial insurers according to their level of unnecessary cost. The burden index -- which gives each commercial plan a "star rating" in various areas, such as the burden associated with claim denials -- is a way to allow physicians to translate the AMA's health insurer report card into meaningful practice.

"The high administrative costs associated with the burdens of processing medical claims annually should not be accepted as the price of doing business with health insurers," AMA Board Member Barbara McAneny, MD, said in a release.

The report card found administrative tasks with health plans -- avoidable errors, inefficiency and waste in the medical claims process -- cost an average of $2.36 per claim for doctors and payers.

But again, there was great variation between payers. Cigna had the best cost per claim at $1.25, which was 47% below the commercial payer average. Health Care Service Corporation had the worst cost at $3.32 per claim -- 41% above the commercial average.

Overall, $12 billion a year could be saved if health plans eliminated unnecessary administrative tasks, the AMA said -- an amount equal to 21% of physicians' total administrative costs to ensure accurate payments from insurers.

At its 2008 meeting, the AMA launched its Heal the Claims Process campaign, which has a goal of reducing the cost of managing claims from as much as 14% of revenue to 1%.

David Pittman

David Pittman is MedPage Today’s Washington Correspondent, following the intersection of policy and healthcare. He covers Congress, FDA, and other health agencies in Washington, as well as major healthcare events. David holds bachelors’ degrees in journalism and chemistry from the University of Georgia and previously worked at the Amarillo Globe-News in Texas, Chemical & Engineering News and most recently FDAnews.

Saturday, June 22, 2013

Health Cost Websites Not Much Help (CME/CE)

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By Salynn Boyles, Contributing Writer, MedPage Today Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD; Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoA growing number of state-run websites are designed to help consumers compare the cost of healthcare services, but most lack critical pricing information and aren't all that useful, a study found.The study authors suggest that by focusing information on services that are predictable, non-urgent, and subject to deductibles (e.g., routine outpatient care for chronic diseases), greater relevance to patients could be provided.

A growing number of state-run websites are designed to help consumers compare the cost of healthcare services, but most lack critical pricing information and aren't all that useful, a study found.

Most of the 62 state-sponsored websites studied focused on in-hospital services rather than routine, non-urgent outpatient care, and most reported "billed" charges instead of the negotiated fees patients usually end up paying, according to the study, which was published in the June 19 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Although pricing transparency has improved greatly over the past few years, patients are still not getting the information they need to make informed decisions about healthcare spending, said lead author Jeffrey Kullgren, MD, MPH, of the Ann Arbor (Mich.) VA Health Care System and the University of Michigan Medical School.

"Ours is really the first empirical effort to examine what is being reported and identify specific areas that can be improved upon, and we did find clear opportunities to make these sites more relevant to consumers," Kullgren told MedPage Today.

With almost one in three privately insured adults now enrolled in high-deductible plans, providing usable pricing information to help consumers anticipate their out-of-pocket costs and understand their options is critical, he said.

Between January and May of 2012, the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor VA researchers conducted systematic Internet searches to identify publicly available state-run websites designed to do just that.

They excluded websites run by specific health plans, because those sites are usually intended for enrollees only. Websites run by third parties were also excluded from the analysis.

As of early 2012, the researchers identified 62 websites run by state government agencies or hospital associations. About half (46.8%) had been launched since 2006.

The analysis revealed that: Most of the websites reported prices for inpatient care involving specific medical conditions (72.6%) or surgeries (71%).Far fewer sites reported pricing information for more routine outpatient services, such as diagnostic or screening procedures (37.1%), radiology studies (22.6%), prescription drugs (14.5%), or lab tests (9.7%).Most websites included only the billed charges (80.6%). For services that included facility and professional fees, most price estimates (66%) included only the facility fee.Fewer than one in 10 (9.7%) price estimates incorporated patient insurance status or specific health plan information (8.1%). And for nonstandardized services -- outpatient surgery, for example -- quality information was rare (13.2%).

"Greater relevance to patients could be realized by focusing information on services that are predictable, non-urgent, and subject to deductibles (e.g., routine outpatient care for chronic diseases) rather than services that are unpredictable, emergent, or would exceed most deductibles (e.g., hospitalizations for life-threatening conditions)," the researchers wrote.

Likewise, basing cost estimates on negotiated payments and not the bills patients see would provide more useful information to consumers, but only a few state-run websites are doing this, Kullgren said.

"We often hear that negotiated rates are proprietary information, but an increasing number of states have passed laws that allow them to collect and report those data so this is not as big of an issue as it once was," he added.

He cited New Hampshire's 'HealthCost' site as a consumer-friendly website that succeeds in giving patients useful information about healthcare costs.

Patients who provide their ZIP code, insurance provider, deductible, and coinsurance can obtain estimates of what they would be expected to pay and what their insurer would pay for a medical procedure or service at facilities in their area, based on negotiated rates.

One other challenge is reporting the entire cost of a procedure, such as a colonoscopy, when there are facility fees and multiple specialists involved, Kullgren said.

"Ideally, if the goal is to inform patient decisions, we need to pull together a price that reflects the full episode of care as opposed to piecemeal reporting," he said.

Funding for this research was provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

One coauthor was supported in part by a Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development career development award.

The researchers reported no conflicts of interest.

Primary source: Journal of the American Medical Association

Source reference:
Kullgren JT, et al "A census of state health care price transparency websites" JAMA 2013; 309(23): 2437-2438.

Wednesday, June 19, 2013

Undocumented Immigrants' Share of Health Bill Relatively Small

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By Charles Bankhead, Staff Writer, MedPage Today

Healthcare for unauthorized immigrants accounted for 1.4% of all healthcare spending in the U.S. over the past decade, according to an analysis of government data.

Total healthcare spending for immigrants -- unauthorized, legal, and naturalized -- from 2000 to 2009 amounted to $96.5 billion. Unauthorized immigrants accounted for $15.4 billion of the total.

During the same time period, U.S. natives rang up more than $1 trillion in healthcare spending, as reported online in Health Affairs.

"Our study found that unauthorized immigrants have lower healthcare expenditures and higher rates of receiving uncompensated care than legal residents, naturalized citizens, and U.S. natives," Jim P. Stimpson, PhD, of the University of Nebraska in Omaha, and coauthors concluded. "This finding is largely attributed to a history of policies that block access to healthcare for this population."

Ongoing debate regarding immigration reform and implementation of the Affordable Care Act provides opportunities to address immigrants' access to healthcare, "assuming that there is the political will to do so," they added.

Several recent studies have examined healthcare expenditures by residency status, and all found lower spending on healthcare among immigrants than among people born in the US. At least one study found that the proportion of unauthorized immigrants without health insurance has increased in recent years, the authors noted in their introduction.

Collectively, the findings from recent studies imply that restricted access to health insurance among unauthorized immigrants may lead to higher out-of-pocket health spending and higher rates of uncompensated care for providers. However, the potential results have yet to be established by research, the authors continued.

To add to the knowledge base regarding residency status and healthcare spending, Stimpson and colleagues analyzed data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) for 2000 to 2009. The MEPS population comprises a random sample of participants in the National Health Interview Survey. Key findings from the MEPS analysis included: 60% of unauthorized immigrants had healthcare expenditures during any 12-month period compared with 72% for legal residents, 83% of naturalized citizens, and 87% of U.S. nativesU.S. natives accounted for 91.4% of healthcare expenditures annually during the study period, versus 4.7% for naturalized citizens, 2.5% for legal residents, and 1.4% for unauthorized immigrantsPer-capita annual healthcare spending averaged about $500 for unauthorized immigrants, about $1,000 for legal residents, $2,300 for naturalized citizens, and $2,500 for U.S. nativesProviders' uncompensated care averaged 5.9% among unauthorized immigrants, 4.7% for legal residents, 2.3% for naturalized citizens, and 2.8% for U.S. natives

The study showed that 7.9% of unauthorized immigrants received publicly funded healthcare, averaging $140 per person per year. That compared with 30.1% of U.S. natives, at $1,385 per person per year. For each dollar of public spending for healthcare, unauthorized immigrants had almost $8 from private sources, as compared with $1.76 for U.S. natives.

The findings are consistent with those of another recent study showing that immigrants pay more to Medicare than they receive. In 2009, immigrants accounted for 14.7% of contributions to the Medicare trust fund versus 7.9% of expenditures.

Potential policy solutions related to healthcare for unauthorized immigrants could include extending coverage for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases or granting access to the ACA's insurance market, the authors suggested.

The authors reported no relevant disclosures.

Charles Bankhead

Staff Writer

Working from Houston, home to one of the world's largest medical complexes, Charles Bankhead has more than 20 years of experience as a medical writer and editor. His career began as a science and medical writer at an academic medical center. He later spent almost a decade as a writer and editor for Medical World News, one of the leading medical trade magazines of its era. His byline has appeared in medical publications that have included Cardio, Cosmetic Surgery Times, Dermatology Times, Diagnostic Imaging, Family Practice, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Medscape, Oncology News International, Oncology Times, Ophthalmology Times, Patient Care, Renal and Urology News, The Medical Post, Urology Times, and the International Medical News Group newspapers. He has a BA in journalism and MA in mass communications, both from Texas Tech University.